The 10 Largest Base-Isolated Buildings in the World

base01 — 1.苹果公园，加利福尼亚州库比蒂诺，445,005平方米。苹果的新公司总部是一栋四层楼的环形建筑，周长为1,512平方英尺。它拥有12,000名员工，并于2017年4月开业。它是由Foster and Partners设计的。除了地面上方的四层楼外，它还在地下三层楼中还包括三层楼。该建筑物位于700个基础隔离器的顶部。每个隔离器的直径为7英尺，重约15,000磅。根据Arup的主要结构工程师约翰·沃利（John Worley）的说法，隔离器是针对低摩擦的定制定制的。整个Apple Campus 2的建设，包括总部大楼以及1000个座位的礼堂（史蒂夫·乔布斯剧院），一个健康中心，两座研发大楼，一个游客中心和停车场，总计50亿美元。该建筑的内部是一个占地30英亩的公园，设有果树，蜿蜒的小径和一个池塘。

base02 — 2. Adana Integrated Health Campus, Adana, Turkey, 430,000 square meters. The campus was developed as a public-private partnership between ADN PPP Sağlık Yatırım A.Ş., a joint venture of four firms, and the Turkish Ministry of Health. The campus will have a total capacity of 1,550 beds housed in three hospitals: the 1,300-bed main hospital, a 150-bed physical-therapy and rehabilitation hospital and a 100-bed high-security criminal psychiatric hospital. The campus is supported by 1,512 base isolators. The complex was designed by HWP, and built by Rönesans Sağlık Yatırım. The structural engineer was Ulker Engineering Ltd. It was completed in May, 2017.

*照片由罗纳斯（Ronesans）提供*

base03 — 3.东京东京东塔（Tokyo Skytree East Tower），229,237平方米。这个综合用途综合体包括办公大楼，购物中心和娱乐综合体。一个八层楼的讲台包括一个购物中心，天文馆和剧院，为数以百万计的游客提供参观东京Skytree塔上的观测站。办公大楼上升到31个故事。该综合大楼是由Nikken Sekkei设计的，由Obayashi Corp.建造。它于2012年完成。

*照片礼貌Obayashi Corp.*

base04 — 4.土耳其伊斯帕塔的伊斯帕塔市医院，221,000平方米。土耳其企业集团Akfen Holding是与土耳其卫生部建立了25年的公共私人合作伙伴关系的一部分。dost insaat ve proje yonetimi A.S.担任755张床设施的设计建造者，建筑公司YazganMimarlık和HayalgucuMimarlıkJ.V.处理设计工作。基本隔离系统具有903个由Maurer AG提供的表面摩擦式单元。该项目的结构工程师是Pribi Insaat Proje Bilgi Islem Merkezi A.S.它于2016年12月完成。

*Photo Courtesy Dost Construction*

base05 — 5.东京物流公园Hino，212,853平方米。它是一个五级仓库，两端都在两端，由Obayashigumi设计办公室设计，由Obayashi Corp.建造。它于2015年完成。它归Mitsui Fudosan Co.，Ltd.拥有。

*False-3D Image by Google Earth. Imagery circa 2015.*

base06 — 6. Logiport Sagamihara, Sagamihara, Japan. 210,000 square meters. A five-level warehouse with spiral ramps at both ends, it was designed by Obayashigumi Design Office and built by the Obayashi Corp. It was completed in 2013. Sagamihara is a western suburb of Tokyo.

*图片提供LaSalle投资管理*

base07 — 7.东京的Shinagawa季节露台，205,786平方米。它是由NTT设施设计办公室设计的办公大楼，由Taisei Corp.建造。它于2015年完成。

*Photo Courtesy Tokyoing*

base08 — 8. Sabiha Gökçen Airport International Terminal, Istanbul, 200,000 square meters. ISG, a partnership of Limak Holding (LIMAK), GMR Infrastructure Limited (GMR) and Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (MAHB) is the operator of the airport under a 20-year build-operate-transfer agreement signed in 2008. Tasked with completing the terminal in 18 months, Limak and GMR formed a joint venture and signed an EPC contract with ISG. The building's footprint is 160 m x 272 m and includes four stories above a basement level. It can serve 16 middle-sized fuselage aircraft or eight wide-body planes simultaneously. It features seven arched bays with vaulting roofs of alternating 32-m and 48-m spans, employing space frame trusses. The superstructure is a steel moment frame, resting on 292 triple-friction-pendulum isolation bearings supplied by Earthquake Protection Systems, Inc. The structural engineer who led the seismic design for the terminal was Atila Zekioglu, of Arup. The terminal opened in 2009.

*Photo Courtesy openbuildings.com*

base09 — 9.土耳其Erzurum的Erzurum区域研究与培训医院，180,000平方米。它是由KUR Construction Co. Ltd.建造的。这家400张病床的医院得到了386个Lead-Rubber轴承隔离器的支持，该隔离器由Dynamic Exconic Systems Inc.提供。

*Rendering Courtesy Prota Engineering*

base10 — 10. Tan Tzu Medical Center, Tai Chung, Taiwan, 157,930 square meters. Designed by C.C. Hsu & Associates, the complex includes a four- to six-story western section, a 17-story tower, and two underground levels containing parking, storage space and a cafeteria. The 1,300-bed medical center rests on 325 lead-rubber-bearing base isolators located below the second underground level. The building also is outfitted with 88 fluid viscous dampers. The lateral-force-resisting system of the superstructure consists of steel-reinforced-concrete moment frames. The total superstructure mass resting on the base-isolation system weighs 285,600 tons. The base-isolation system was designed by KPFF consulting engineers, led by Andrew W. Taylor. Construction was completed in 2006, at which time the structure was the largest base-isolated building in the world. The project was challenging, as the building is located only 400 m from the Chelungpu fault, which ruptured in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake.

*Photo Courtesy C.C. Hsu & Associates*

2017年7月17日

Scott Lewis

2 Comments

Base isolation is a method for moderating the effects of earthquakes on buildings. Isolator devices (either elastic or sliding) are installed between the foundation and the building superstructure. The accompanying slide show looks at the ten largest base-isolated buildings in the world, measured by total floor area.

"The use of base isolation as seismic protection for buildings, bridges and industrial facilities continues to grow, but has done so more robustly internationally than in the U.S.," says Ronald Hamburger, Senior Principal with Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, a leading seismic engineering firm.

不足为奇的是,日本,地震活动ve country, employs it most extensively, with 4,100 base-isolated commercial and institutional buildings as of December 2015, according to the Japan Society of Seismic Isolation. "Japan looks at base isolation as a primary option," says Konrad Eriksen, President of Dynamic Isolation Systems Inc., a leading designer and manufacturer of isolators. "In the Japanese residential market, prospective condo owners will pay a premium for a base-isolated building compared to a conventional building," says Gordon Wray, associate principal at Degenkolb Engineers, another prominent seismic engineering firm.

土耳其是另一个非常活跃的国家，也坚定地致力于基础隔离方法。值得注意的是，它已经制定了一项136亿美元的计划，以建立许多大型现代医院，其中大多数将是基础隔离的。此外，还以这种方式保护了主要的桥梁和高架桥。

One notable project under construction in Turkey is the Ikitelli Integrated Health Campus in Istanbul. The 2,330-bed main hospital building there is expected to contain 2,000 isolators. It is a public-private partnership being developed by Istanbul PPP Sağlık Yatırım A.Ş. When completed, it is expected to be the largest base-isolated building in the world.

Other countries pushing base isolation include China, New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. In contrast, "in the U.S., seismic isolation is used relatively infrequently," according to Hamburger. "In recent years, the inaccurate perception that other structural systems, including energy-dissipated moment frames, or buckling-restrained braced frames, can provide similar protection at lower first cost has slowed the growth of this technology in the U.S."

Wray说：“在美国，由于最近的地震和数十年的良好建筑法规，地震弹性被认为是理所当然的。”“尽管我们尚未在23年内在人口稠密的地区经历密码级地震，但现代建筑在最近的地震中表现良好（很少崩溃）。我相信，当典型的代码时，许多建筑所有者都会期望运营性能。建筑物的目的只是为了保护寿命。”

分为两categ隔震技术ories: elastomeric and sliding systems. Elastomeric isolation systems consist of natural rubber; natural rubber with lead cores to dissipate energy; and high-damping rubber, consisting of blends of natural and synthetic compounds. Sliding systems generally include flat sliders, typically used in combination with elastomeric bearings and friction pendulum devices. Within the friction pendulum category there are a series of different designs, including the original system that employed a single curved dish and sliding element; a double pendulum, in which two curved dish surfaces are employed; and a triple pendulum employing three such surfaces. "The triple pendulum system reduces the size of the isolator while increasing its effectiveness," says Farzad Naeim, a prominent structural engineer and former president of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

根据埃里克森（Eriksen）的说法，1950年代首先在桥上使用弹性轴承，发现与机械轴承相比，它的改善，它受到腐蚀。1980年代后期开发了摩擦摆轴承。“摩擦摆轴承在美国的其他一些重要市场中占主导地位，例如土耳其，以及在全球某些类型的建筑物中的大多数应用（海上石油平台，液化天然气坦克，大桥梁，医院），”民事公民教授迈克尔·康斯坦丁（Michael Constantinou）说。布法罗州立大学的结构和环境工程。

Wray解释说：“弹性系统在具有较大轴向载荷的大型建筑物中表现最好。”“滑动系统在大型和小轴向载荷（大型和小型建筑物）方面的性能都很好。在高频垂直加速度下滑动系统的行为继续进行研究。”

大地震期间建筑物的变形是不可避免的。Wray评论说：“使用常规的横向抵抗系统，将变形分布在许多梁，圆柱，连接，支架或剪切壁之间的建筑物高度。”相比之下，“使用基本隔离，（几乎）所有建筑物变形都集中在隔离平面上，限制了建筑物高度的损坏。可以比数百或数百或数百或单个的变形更确定位移的幅度横向系统的成千上万个单个组件。”

汉堡说：“在目前可用的所有地震保护技术中，地震隔离提供了最有效的保护，以防止强烈摇动后的损害或功能丧失。”“其他结构技术允许将运动传输到结构中，在该结构中，其能量通过对结构元素的损害或通过更良性的能量耗散机制消散。无论如何，采用其他技术的结构都会经历更大的运动，并导致更大的损害比孤立的结构。”

基本隔离的演变和传播受许多玩家的影响。“政府在资助研究中发挥了作用，以开发这些技术，包括由Natonal Science基金会资助的中心，例如加州大学伯克利分校的太平洋地震工程研究中心和纽约州州立大学的多学科地震工程中心，君士坦丁努说。“保险机构（和所有者）尚未考虑到地震隔离结构的损害风险降低。在美国弹性委员会评估建筑物绩效的工作之后，这种情况可能会发生变化。”

USRC会员资格包括地震和结构工程领域的所有主要专业组织，结构工程公司，建筑公司，承包商以及硬件和软件供应商。对于三个标准，USRC评级系统对建筑物的评级为一到五颗星：安全，损坏和恢复。Wray说：“尽管许多横向系统可以为安全提供高评级，但基本隔离的建筑物为获得损坏和恢复的高评分提供了最大的机会。”

"The USRC will certify raters and review ratings after they are submitted, similar to the USGBC's LEED ratings for sustainability," says Ronald Mayes, USRC executive director and co-founder. "The rating is a different way of specifying what an owner's performance expectations are for a building. I think it will become a powerful tool." The rating system launched in December, 2015. One building has been rated so far, with 18 more in process, according to Mayes.

“过去的结构工程社区在交流代码设计的建筑物所提供的工作方面做得很差，这是由现代建筑在2011年新西兰基督城的表现所证明的，在那里，超过50％的现代建筑物中有50％以上的现代建筑物中央商务区提供了生命安全的表现，但在地震后必须拆除。”梅斯补充说。

"The Insurance industry has done little to encourage the use of seismic isolation, and it could be said that offering an earthquake mitigation alternative to developing earthquake-resistant structures, actually provides a disincentive," says Hamburger. "The primary insurance benefit the owner of a seismically isolated structure obtains is through an ability to purchase greatly reduced levels of protection. Some owners have chosen to use base isolation as their earthquake insurance of choice, as any damage that may occur is well below current deductibles. In addition, base isolation provides business continuity, something that is very difficult to cover with insurance."

本文随附的幻灯片顺序于2017年7月27日更新，以反映新信息。