一个旧金山市民集团正在寻求支持一个雄心勃勃的50年计划，称为“韧性城市倡议”，这可以帮助最大程度地减少“大型人”之后的损失和速度恢复。消息人士称，该倡议可以作为灾难准备和恢复所有地震的社区的典范。

A pre-quake retrofit might have limited damage and allowed a repair rather than a razing.
Photo: USGS
A pre-quake retrofit might have limited damage and allowed a repair rather than a razing.

While developed for San Francisco, the resilient-city concept of the nonprofit San Francisco Planning and Urban Research (SPUR) Association has “application anywhere a city is trying to deal with natural hazards,” said Chris Poland, chairman and CEO of Degenkolb Engineers, San Francisco, at the Loma Prieta Earthquake Commemorative Symposium, held on Oct. 17 in San Francisco on the quake’s 20th anniversary. At the meeting, Poland, a SPUR board member and a co-author of its Resilient City report, called on engineers to get involved with the fledgling initiative. It provides “a very realistic and fresh perspective on what we need to do and what can be done,” said Poland.

Spur的报告将韧性的城市定义为在灾难发生后能够管理自己的能力。弹性社区“遵守灾难后不久的电力，水和通信网络的建筑标准，这使人们能够留在家里，旅行，需要在几周内恢复相当正常的生活。报告说，[弹性城市]能够在几年内恢复“新”正常状态。”

Initiative has “application anywhere a city is trying to deal with natural hazards.”
- 克里斯·波兰（Chris Poland），degenkolb工程师

Spur已为灾难性城市提出了绩效目标，包括定义绩效指标和按占用和建筑物类型定义脆弱性。一个大想法是说服建筑所有者和开发人员超出当前对生命安全的最小代码要求。在当前系统下，建筑物通常不会完全崩溃，但可能会损坏无法修复。

波兰说：“我们不建议在不考虑成本的情况下升级所有设施。”他补充说：“相反，我们的目的是仅需要确保快速恢复或为每个恢复阶段所需的弹性水平所需的改进。”

In general, the structural engineer’s role in seismic design is moving away from predicting damage and toward risk management and what the level of damage means to different stakeholders, said David Bonowitz, a local structural engineer. Damage is measured three ways: safety (deaths), economic impact (dollars) and continuity (down time), he added.

波诺维茨说，大多数地震改造都是为了限制事件的经济影响。For18luck.cubell/Elsesser Engineers Inc.的工程师Lindsey MacLise表示，在旧金山的工程师Lindsey MacLise表示，在旧金山的工程师Lindsey MacLise表示，改造一栋建筑物的价格为每平方英尺3至12美元。，由太平洋地震工程研究（PEER）中心组织。

Retrofits, especially for vulnerable buildings with unreinforced masonry or stilts to provide first-level parking, also are viewed as a sustainable way to limit the amount of material going to landfills after a quake, agreed speakers at PEER’s Oct. 15-16 event, also in San Francisco.