Sulaymaniyah 1,500-MW Combined-Cycle Power Plant
Sulaymaniyah，伊拉克库尔德地区
最佳项目
所有者大众集团持有有限公司
Lead Design FirmBechtel Overseas Corp.
承包商ENKA Insaat ve Sanayi A.S.
民间和结构工程师ENKA Insaat ve Sanayi A.S.
MEP工程师Bechtel Overseas Corp.
所有者’s EngineerAPPA Consult GmbH
汽轮机和发电机制造商General Electric
Fehmi Bayramoglu remembers very well the day of Aug. 6, 2014. Recalls the executive committee member of Turkish general contractor ENKA, “I was on the phone all day with the American Embassy,” the Kurdish Regional Government and General Electric.
作为该公司工程师建设部门的负责人，Bayramoglu负责对能源项目的监督。18luck官网该公司最重要的两家工作涉及在伊拉克库尔德地区政府地区升级电厂，附近的埃尔比尔和苏莱曼尼亚，将周期从简单的周期组合起来，将每家工厂的发电效率提高50％，提高到1,500兆瓦。
The situation was tense. ISIS forces had seized Mosul, the largest city in northern Iraq, and were expanding their reach. While Sulaymaniyah is 140 miles away, Erbil is only 52 miles away. “At one point, ISIS was 200 meters from our work-camp perimeter. Our workers were extremely nervous. We had about 1,500 workers in each camp, and we were determined to protect them,” Bayramoglu says. He chartered 50 buses for each site and, with private security contractors, devised a plan to safely evacuate workers to the north, across the border into Turkey. From the Erbil site, he tried to keep abreast of conditions in the area before giving the go-ahead.
这项工作应该是常规的，因为Enka曾是两种简单细胞工厂的总承包商，从2007 - 08年开始建设。所有者Mass Group Holding Ltd.对Enka的表现感到满意。MGH是位于约旦安曼（Amman）的独立电力生产国，在美国领导的联合部队于2003年结束了萨达姆·侯赛因（Saddam Hussein）政权后，在库尔德斯坦看到了商机。
Following the dictator’s fall, the region slowly came to be regarded as the most secure region of Iraq. The road to prosperity has been bumpy, however, owing to the region’s chaotic history. During the final days of the Iran-Iraq war in 1988, Saddam unleashed chemical weapons on the Kurds, who bridled under the Ba’athist regime’s discrimination. Up to 5,000 Kurds, many of them women and children, died at Halabja in an attack on March 16, 1988.
萨达姆（Saddam）声称伊朗是袭击的背后，但有大量的间接证据表明萨达姆（Saddam）和他的堂兄“化学阿里”·哈桑·哈桑·马吉德（Chemical Ali）哈桑·马吉德（Hassan al-Majid）是伊拉克北部发生袭击时的伊拉克军队指挥官。萨达姆伊拉克后的特别法庭裁定违反库尔德人的战争罪行，并于2010年被绞死。令许多库尔德人失望的是，萨达姆从未因哈拉比袭击而被指控。在1982年发生的暗杀企图失败后，他因在什叶派据点dujail命令大屠杀公民而被绞死。
Freed from Saddam’s iron-fisted rule, the Kurds have pushed for independence. (In a nonbinding referendum in late September, 92% of the vote was for independence.)
KRG是一个半自治地区，以Erbil为首都，位于大量的石油和天然气储量上。安全和自然资源以及针对萨达姆政府实施的制裁的结束，为业务发展和基础设施发展增添了良好的增长。
MGH was encouraged by ENKA’s relatively smooth construction of the single-cycle generation plants near Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. The Jordanian owner negotiated a new pair of engineer, procure and construct contracts with its Turkish contractor to convert both facilities to combined-cycle units. Work on the Erbil unit began first, in summer 2012, followed within a year by work at Sulaymaniyah.
在两个站点，项目范围都要求添加四个由八台蒸汽涡轮机供电的热量恢复蒸汽发生器，进而为蒸汽发生器提供动力。不增加额外的气体或柴油原料，输出增加了50％，并且有较小的抵押品益处，因为排放量减少。
ENKA hired Bechtel Overseas Corp. as project design engineer. The relationship was a mutually compatible one, as the firms had collaborated previously as joint venture partners. The U.S. company preferred to work remotely, having had over 50 employees killed in Iraq during 2003-04. Much of the design work was performed in Bechtel offices in Frederick, Md., and in India, says Nitin Gokhale, project engineer, currently based in Bechtel’s Reston, Va., office.
团队成员在线交流。Gokhale说：“有时通过在现场条件的iPhone上交换图片，我们擅长通过互联网进行故障排除。”面对面的会议在伊斯坦布尔的Enka办公室，Amman的MGH总部或维也纳的MGH总部举行，所有者工程师APPA所在的地方。
Gokhale说，对于设计团队而言，最大的技术挑战是分布式控制系统和与电网配置接口。他说：“对于DCS，所有者想要一个按钮启动控制。”“这引入了全新的自动化水平。”
同步工厂的产出更多的考验ing. Demands on the grid are very fluid and sending power to Baghdad over 400-kv lines, required a full bypass on the steam side, says Gokhale. A 132-kv substation is a key component in balancing demand between Kurdistan and Baghdad but blackouts are not uncommon, he adds. While the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah plants help, the system still “needs a good deal of grid improvement,” Gokhale says.
对萨达姆政权的制裁降低了整个伊拉克的电气系统基础设施，库尔德斯坦也不例外。Bayramoglu说，该项目的设备是从35个国家进口的。设备电子表格是全球供应链地图集。打开伊拉克北部的灯光涉及从每个角落确保组件：蒸汽和热量恢复生成器零件来自澳大利亚，奥地利，比利时，保加利亚，加拿大，中国，法国，德国，印度，印度尼西亚，印度尼西亚，意大利，荷兰，新西兰，新西兰，罗马尼亚，瑞士，台湾，阿拉伯联合酋长国，美国，英国和越南。SwitchGear来自捷克共和国，马来西亚，斯洛伐克，瑞典和土耳其。巴西和苏格兰为芬兰提供了泵，阿曼一台吊具。伊拉克和土耳其附近的供应商提供了许多标准的现成材料，例如管道和阀门。
劳动力也是多种多样的。承包商建造了一个140,000平方英尺的工作营，可以听到土耳其语，库尔德语，英语和印地语的不同方言。Bayramoglu说：“我们雇用了印度厨师来营地并建造了板球场。”
Over the years ENKA has developed a reliable source of skilled workers from India. “They are very good,” Bayramoglu says. The Salmaniyah logged three-million worker-hours without a single lost-time incident and “when we looked at near-miss events, we saw that the Indian workers were five times safer than our Turkish workers.”
当恩卡（Enka）开始这项耗资4.5亿美元，37个月的项目时，承包商可以很好地控制一切：友好的所有者，熟悉和专家设计工程师，胜任和安全的劳动力，良好的供应链以及紧张但可实现的时间表。但是在工作场地外部，由于ISIS煽动其恐怖统治，从摩苏尔向东扫除，强奸和杀害了Yazidi教派的成员，并威胁要超支该工作地点，因此在2014年的工作场外，条件在2014年恶化。8月6日，Bayramoglu准备拉插头。但是最后一轮电话说服了他等待。那天晚上，美国的空袭迫使ISIS撤退。Enka准时完成了工作。库尔德斯坦（Kurdistan），包括其流离失所的营地，拥有力量。
