21世纪的淘金热不涉及选秀,铲子或锅。取而代之的是,根据一项估计,匆忙开采比特币需要专门的计算机,这些计算机累积地使用足够的电力来为爱尔兰或奥地利供电。低成本功率对于比特币采矿业务的成功至关重要,因此矿工们搜寻世界以寻找廉价的力量来创造加密货币。

数据中心建筑市场,其中比特币采矿业务是一个子集,预计在美国将预订9%的复合年增长率,在2020年至2025年之间,全球11.2%,票房为345亿美元,高于2019年的226亿美元,高于2019年的226亿美元根据研究和市场。

Right now, China, with its cheap coal and abundant wind power, leads the world for Bitcoin mining. Russia and the U.S. are tied for second place. The Pacific Northwest and upstate New York are favored American mining sites.

比特币是最受欢迎的加密货币,是一种没有中央发行权的交换形式。像比特币这样的数字货币仅在线存在 - 与Internet上的其他信息一样,分布在计算机网络上。代替中央银行,加密货币由编译和跟踪数字交易的算法控制(请参阅底部的更多详细信息)。

美国最新的采矿业务之一是在纽约州德累斯顿的Greenidge生成工厂,这家106兆瓦的工厂从1937年到2011年燃烧煤炭产生了电力。

私人股本公司阿特拉斯控股有限责任公司买下了plant in 2014, and in 2018, began exploring opportunities for blockchain mining and data hosting. Atlas reached out to O’Connell Electric Co., which had done previous work at Dresden. “Our diversification put us in a good position,” as did the company’s ability to tap a deep pool of skilled workers, says Victor E. Salerno, the electrical contractor's CEO.

O’Connell Electric最初为一个6500万美元的项目提供了帮助,以将绿园工厂转换为燃烧气体。该项目演变为投资电气基础架构以支持比特币采矿钻机 - 用于执行复杂数学方程式以处理数字货币(例如比特币和以太坊)的专用计算机的银行。随着时间的流逝,方程变得更加困难,需要更多的计算能力。

阿特拉斯(Atlas)为德累斯顿工厂购买了约7,000台采矿钻机,每个钻机每人约2,000美元。为了安装钻机,奥康奈尔(O’Connell)吸引了公司内四个不同团体的工人(权力,建筑,建筑服务和通信),其中包括来自国际电气工人兄弟会的近40名工会成员。

The original plan was to install mining rigs in customized cargo containers outside the generating plant, but after three units were installed, the owners realized the noise far exceeded permitted decibel levels. Instead, the O’Connell team would need to fit all the needed gear inside the existing footprint of the power plant, running from one of its staggered levels and connecting to the distribution center 250 ft away on another level.


3D Modeling Prevents Clashes

O’Connell使用3D扫描仪创建了15亿个测量点的站点模型。然后,设计团队将设备规格转换为3D型号,并将数据组合在一起,以创建安装的详细图纸并创建完整的材料列表。这些模型还有助于确定可能在计划中解决的安装冲突,而不是在现场发现。

奥康奈尔(O’Connell)的建筑服务小组单独访问了该网站,讨论了从配送中心到七个3,000 kva,415/240-V迷你套件的赛道计划,这些计划为矿工提供了电力。该团队进行了更多的扫描,并扭转了新的安装计划,包括第二天的另一个自定义外壳和材料清单。总的来说,奥康奈尔花了四个月的时间安装,并在今年早些时候准备好矿工。该公司的合同价值约为1000万美元。

阿特拉斯(Atlas)和格林奇(Greenidge)现在渴望扩大其加密货币采矿业务。这意味着奥康奈尔(O’Connell)的更多工作,后者已经开始安装第二阶段,安装了22个新的400安培面板,为该工厂以前的煤处理大楼中的另外950名矿工供电。完成后,采矿作业将使用该工厂106兆瓦的21兆瓦。奥康奈尔项目经理理查德·马赫(Richard Maher)说:“他们有很多想法,但也经常改变。”


比特币繁荣

加密货币采矿是一项风险和动荡的业务。2017年,比特币价格从每枚硬币的900美元缩放到20,000美元,但几天后下降了30%,2018年下跌了73%。第二年,比特币价格翻了一番,并继续上涨到2020年。比特币的价值约为17,670美元。

When prices rise, mining operations proliferate. When the price falls, a mining operation is at risk of going out of business or is at least faced with making a quick change to its business model. The first cryptocurrency mining project O’Connell worked on, in Massena, N.Y. near the Canada border, is owned by Coinmint. It is housed in a former Alcoa aluminum factory, and its 435-MW transformer is powered by low-cost hydropower.

The proliferation of cryptocurrency mining in upstate New York prompted the local utility in Plattsburgh to declare a moratorium on mining operations because the high demand for electricity from Bitcoin mining raised electricity prices for ordinary customers. Cryptocurrency mining in Washington state followed a similar pattern.

最近的比特币价格上涨再次使矿工退出了木工。去年11月,德国北部数据AG的子公司Whinstone US在德克萨斯州小镇Rockdale的一家关闭的Alcoa铝制工厂中破土动工,该铝业铝业公司将被用作数据中心和比特币采矿。

Construction on the project is still ongoing, even though the center began operation in the first half of this year. The Rockdale facility can offer a variety of high-level computing services, from consulting to data processing and Bitcoin mining, says Hans Durr, spokesman for Northern Data. In its first stage the facility is expected to reach a capacity of 1 MW, he adds.

The data center construction boom has also been good for its mercurial cousin, Bitcoin mining. While a boom can be a good business opportunity, and O’Connell’s Salerno says he is happy for the Bitcoin mining jobs when they pop up, it is not a niche the company is actively pursuing.

什么是比特币,如何开采?

Bitcoin is the most recognizable and popular cryptocurrency, and it is mined, or discovered, in the same way as other digital currencies such as Ethereum or Litecoin, although there are variations in the mining process.

加密货币的定义特征是它不是法定资金,这意味着没有中央发行权。

Digital currencies exist only as a series of ones and zeroes and are distributed across computer networks, much like other information on the internet. Cryptocurrencies are governed by an algorithm that compiles and tracks digital transactions. The transactions are assembled in inalterable blocks that are linked together to form the blockchain, which is the underlying, enabling technology behind all cryptocurrencies.

加密货币现场的一系列网络计算机被称为节点。节点存储并传播交易块。网络上的一些节点也是矿工:专门计算机旨在执行大量计算。这些计算机的速度由它们的哈希酸盐表示,该哈希酸盐以每秒数万亿甚至四千万千万的哈希速度进行测量。桥梁越高,开采数字货币所需的计算越多,它就越安全。

Inside a digital currency miner, a high-speed computer is trying to guess a random number generated by the cryptocurrency system that, when combined with data in a pending transaction and passed through a hash function, converts input data of any size to output data of a fixed length, like fitting a key into a lock.

求解方程式验证交易并将该块添加到链条中。第一个解决该方程式的矿工在加密货币中得到了奖励。矿工可以解决的方程式越多,矿工可以赚取的钱就越多。但是,如果这么简单,大量计算机可能会绕开市场。因此,数字货币的创建者通过定期提高为链条增加块所需的方程式的难度级别,在其管理算法中建立了另一个复杂性。

For Bitcoin, it takes 10 minutes on average to process a block because that is the pace the developers of the currency determined is necessary to reach the cap they placed on the total number of bitcoins that will ever be created, 21 million, which is expected to be reached some time in 2140. There are currently about 18.5 million bitcoins in circulation.