Currency fluctuations helped push San Francisco and New York City off the list of the five most costly cities in which to build in 2020, according to an世界建设年度审查by engineer Arcadis.

荷兰公司的全球成本和商业管理负责人安德鲁·比尔德（Andrew Beard）表示，成本问题很重要，因为该病毒的本地和国民经济计划将其重新恢复增长。

"With modest levels of inflation and some spare capacity, construction industries in most countries are well positioned to make their contribution to recovery," he writes.

Monetary policy had more influence on comparative global construction costs than the rising cost of materials, Arcadis explains.

As the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to keep interest rates from rising, the low rates tamped down the value of the U.S. dollar in international currency trading. That in turn decreases the comparative cost of building in the U.S. At the same time, building costs kept rising in most American cities.

For example, the European cities of Geneva, London, Copenhagen, Oslo and Zurich were the top five most expensive cities to build in, with costs up 1-2%, reports Arcadis.

New York City and San Francisco, the next two most expensive construction markets, had been in the top five last year. While now less costly compared to the European cities, those U.S. cities saw cost increases of 2% to 5% and still in the top 10 most expensive in the world,

The world's least costly cities, among those surveyed by Arcadis, are Mumbai, New Delhi and Bengaluru—all in India.

Around the world, construction proved one of the most resilient industries in value of work performed, writes Arcadis. In Australia, construction "emerged from the pandemic relatively unscathed," with an overall decrease in activity of about 1.6%, its analysis says. Construction in the U.K., however, was down 13% in 2020.

同时，随着中国的建设产出实际上增加了6％，武汉市的成本上涨了5％，该市现在以其首先被全球病毒击中的角色而闻名。18luck.cub