The City of Oakland, California, is moving forward with plans for redevelopment of the Howard Terminal, including a new stadium for the Oakland Athletics, after releasing a final Environmental Impact Report on Dec. 17, but not without pushback from residents and community groups.

这座城市在重建方面的斗争，即使有负担得起的住房承诺，也是加利福尼亚为满足经济适用房需求而努力的特有。

全州的发展正在侵占历史上低收入地区，使长期居民流离失所和超越长期居民。加剧紧迫性的是不仅需要负担得起的可持续住房来抵消气候变化和污染的影响。

“Keeping people housed and meeting their basic needs is fundamental to the resilience of any community,” says Heather Rosenberg, an associate principal and Los Angeles resilience leader at Arup. “Without affordable housing, we run the risk of displacement, especially as we think about the impacts of housing shortages, stagnating wages, and events such as COVID-19 and climate events."

Last year, the Oakland City Council adopted a preliminary, non-binding agreement with the African American Sports Entertainment Group (AASEG), a Bay Area business group that advocates for economic equity for the Black community through sports and entertainment, for a 35,000-person capacity Major League Baseball park. The A’s current home is the 100-acre RingCentral Coliseum site, and John J. Fisher is the A’s majority owner.

该项目现场约55英亩，其中包括查尔斯·P·霍华德码头和邻近地块，位于奥克兰 - 阿拉米达河口内港的奥克兰港口。该计划包括体育场，3,000个住房单元，高达177万平方英尺的商业开发，一家400间客房的酒店以及新的3500人容量场地。

该协议要求15％的住房单位负担得起；并且A的贡献为5000万美元，以支持新的非现场单位，保存和/或翻新现有单位以及首付援助的组合。开发商还将提供反置换租户服务。

奥克兰的最终环境影响报告并未详细说明居民潜在流离失所的人数，也没有描述3,000个单位的负担能力水平。该报告说，该开发项目将制定一项符合城市要求的负担得起的住房计划，其中可能包括现场或现场负担得起的住房单位和/或支付影响费。

“绅士化通常会导致流离失所。我们要优先考虑人们回到过去20年中离开奥克兰并被定价的奥克兰。奥克兰的居民中有28％的居民单独认定为白人。24％黑色；据《西班牙裔》 27％和16％的亚洲人U.S. Census Bureau，有16.7％的奥克兰人口生活在贫困中。

社区居民和组织，包括奥克兰租户联盟，奥克兰崛起，海湾餐厅机会中心，奥克兰亚洲文化中心（OACC）以及其他人对缺乏对负担得起的住房，有毒现场清理和增加的清晰度的担忧空气污染。

“霍华德终端站点目前contaminated with toxic materials that it is illegal to build housing there,” and the plan lacks specifics for a clean-up, said OTU in the EIR’s public comment. OTU said the project will have significant impact on air quality in a city that historically has been one of the most polluted in California, with disproportionately high levels of air pollution related diseases like asthma, cancer, heart disease and stroke.

同时，OACC表示，该项目将用高档化取代奥克兰的唐人街，这是一个地道的中国和东亚社区。“该项目威胁到唐人街的存在，因为它会产生流量，这会扼杀那些会光顾当地商业和餐馆的人进入唐人街。”

奥克兰没有回应置评请求。

With the state's record median housing price of$782,480对于加利福尼亚房地产经纪人协会来说，对于一个单一的家庭住宅，加利福尼亚州臭名昭著的住房短缺处于危机中，开发越来越深入历史上的低收入地区，流离失​​所和超过了长期居民。加剧紧迫性的是不仅需要负担得起的住房，还需要可抵抗气候变化和污染的影响。

加利福尼亚州住房短缺在负担得起和中等收入的范围内特别严重，罗森伯格指出，尽管急需的需求，但由于其对开发商的投资回报率更高，因此许多新开发项目都针对奢侈品市场。

自2000年以来，租金中位数增长了35％，但租房中位数的家庭收入仅增加了6％；经济适用房屋倡导集团加利福尼亚州住房合伙企业（California Housing Partnership）表示，租房者必须赚取近3倍的加利福尼亚州最低工资14美元才能负担平均租金。

该合作伙伴关系估计，到2030年，加利福尼亚州需要120万款负担得起的房屋，即每年120,000个以满足需求。在2020年，仅建造了16,698个经济适用房。

“But at a society level, the return on public investment in affordable housing is much higher,” says Rosenberg. “The social cost of displacement is massive, so building more affordable housing, preserving existing units, and keeping them affordable and fit for purpose have a high social ROI.” Arup is currently working on methodologies to calculate the social ROI in order to better inform policy and program design.

Existing communities often oppose affordable housing developments, concerned with density and traffic. “But denser housing, primarily affordable housing centered around transit and connected to jobs and schools, is essential and would solve a whole range of interconnected issues,” says Rosenberg, pointing to growing opportunities for increasing value and wealth for tenants that include new ownership structures, co-ops, and land trusts. “The challenge that many renters face is that they don’t build equity. They pay rent for years that can’t be applied towards a down payment or deposit. So how can tenants build equity so that they can move out of a cycle of poverty and build wealth?”

通过获取和管理社区控制的土地来解决流离失所和投资的双胞胎问题，还可以帮助您提供更好的外展，更强大的要求和更容易获得的融资，以及将负担得起的住房价值传达给社区的更好方法。罗森伯格说：“当然，住房很昂贵。”“更多的公共投资至关重要。”

克里斯汀·基尔帕特里克（Christine Kilpatrick）为这篇文章做出了贡献。